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Produção de manga

Introdução e importância

A manga (Mangifera indica L Family Anacardiaceae) é a segunda maior cultura de frutas no Paquistão. Atualmente é cultivada em uma área de 93,42 mil hectares com produção de 915,7 mil toneladas Tabela-1. A área de cultivo de manga aumentou, mas o aumento da produção é comparativamente lento. Os principais distritos de cultivo de manga na província de Punjab são Multan, Bahawalpur, Muzzaffargarh e Rahim yar Khan. Na província de Sindh é cultivado principalmente em Mir pur Khas, Hyderabad e Thatta na província de NWFP é cultivada em Peshawar e Mardan. O clima de Sindh fica mais quente cerca de um mês antes do Punjab, o que deu à província o privilégio de cultivar variedades precoces de manga. Subseqüentemente, uma nova tendência de cultivo de variedades tardias em Punjab ganhou grande popularidade, o que estendeu o período de mercado e aumentou o excedente exportável.

Esta deliciosa fruta é nutricionalmente superior, fonte de várias vitaminas e minerais. O Paquistão produz 5,86 por cento das mangas do mundo, sendo o terceiro maior produtor. Sua exportação está progredindo, resultando em receitas substanciais em moeda estrangeira. A exportação de manga, incluindo o Oriente Médio, também encontrou seu caminho para o Reino Unido e outros mercados europeus. Acredita-se que a demanda aumentaria para até 50 por cento, dado o impulso certo e expandindo a exportação para a Alemanha, Japão, China e Hong Kong.

Clima e Solo

As condições ecológicas adequadas para o cultivo da manga são:

Propagação:

Principais variedades comerciais:

Tecnologia de produção:

Poda

A manga geralmente assume uma forma de cúpula graciosa sombreando o tronco principal. No entanto, nenhuma poda é praticada, anualmente após a colheita de frutas doente, seco, galhos quebrados e aqueles que tocam o solo devem ser podados. Para rejuvenescer o pomar a cada 3-4 anos é aconselhável retirar 15-20% da madeira velha.

Colheita

A colheita deve ser feita quando o fruto estiver totalmente desenvolvido e maduro. A queda natural da fruta é a principal indicação de que a fruta está pronta para a colheita. Diferentes variedades em diferentes áreas maduras em épocas diferentes. Em Sindh, variedades de manga começam a amadurecer de maio a junho. No Punjab, o amadurecimento começa em junho e continua até meados de agosto. Em NWFP, a colheita é tardia, o que ajuda a estender o período de disponibilidade das mangas. Os rendimentos esperados variam de 40 a 100 kg por árvore.

Doenças na manga:

Oídio

Os sintomas podem ser notados na inflorescência, haste da inflorescência, folhas e frutos jovens. Os sintomas característicos da doença são o crescimento pulverulento superficial branco do fungo nessas partes. As flores eficazes podem cair prematuramente e os frutos jovens podem permanecer na árvore até atingirem o tamanho de uma bola de gude e então cair prematuramente. A queda de flores infectadas não fertilizadas e frutos jovens leva a sérias perdas de safra (20-80%).

Ao controle:-

Antracnose / Blossom Blight

A antracnose se manifesta em diferentes partes da mangueira. Na inflorescência, os primeiros sintomas da doença são a produção de manchas marrom-pretas nos pedúnculos e nas flores. Pequenos pontos pretos aparecem nas panículas e flores abertas, que gradualmente aumentam e causam a morte das flores. As flores infectadas caem, deixando mais pontas de persistência nos pedúnculos, isso leva a sérias perdas de safra (10-90%) .95-97% R.H.Excessivo em nitrogênio.

Ao controle:-

Malformação manga

A malformação é uma séria ameaça às áreas de cultivo de manga do Paquistão, pois causa perdas de safra de até 70%. Descobertas recentes demonstraram que a doença pode ser de origem fúngica. Dois tipos distintos de sintomas descritos pelos trabalhadores são malformação vegetativa (MV) e malformação floral (MF). A malformação vegetativa é mais pronunciada em mudas jovens, bem como em árvores de mudas, do que nas plantas enxertadas. As mudas afetadas desenvolveram ramos vegetativos excessivos, que são de crescimento limitado, inchados e com internódios muito curtos.

A malformação da inflorescência (MF) é uma doença da inflorescência. Os sintomas mais característicos de (MF) são a redução e compactação dos internódios, dando à malformação uma aparência de vassoura. Material de enxerto infectado e feridas

Ao controle :-

Atualmente, nenhuma medida de controle definitiva para a malformação da manga pode ser defendida. No entanto, o seguinte pode reduzir a incidência de malformações

Doenças das folhas:

A planta de manga é mais ou menos propensa a várias doenças foliares mencionadas abaixo, mas as mais importantes são discutidas em detalhes:

Antracnose

Os sintomas característicos aparecem como manchas ovais ou irregulares de marrom a marrom-escuro de vários tamanhos espalhadas por toda a superfície da folha. Sob condições úmidas, o fungo cresce rapidamente. As folhas novas são mais propensas a atrair do que as mais velhas. O ataque de insetos pode facilitar a entrada do patógeno, resultando em grande incidência de doenças.

Ao controle:-

A infecção foliar pode ser controlada por pulverizações de fungicidas à base de cobre durante a primavera e após a estação das monções.

Mancha de Alternaria

Os sintomas aparecem inicialmente como pequenos, manchas circulares acastanhadas na superfície das folhas. Mais tarde, alta concentração de manchas pretas marrons ocorre uniformemente sobre a lâmina foliar. Os sintomas são mais proeminentes na parte inferior das folhas. As folhas tenras são mais suscetíveis do que as maduras.

Ao controle:-

A doença pode ser controlada por um programa regular de pulverização em campo, incluindo fungicidas à base de cobre.

Canker bacteriano (Xanthomonas mangiferae)

Nas folhas, A pequena quantidade de água encharcada de lesões irregulares a angulares em relevo geralmente está aglomerada no ápice. Nas folhas novas, os halos são maiores e distintos, enquanto nas folhas mais velhas, eles são estreitos, podendo ser observados apenas contra a luz. Sob infecções graves, a folha fica amarela e cai 25-30 0C e> 90% R.H. Clima chuvoso

Ao controle:-

Inspeção regular de pomares, O saneamento básico e a certificação de mudas são recomendados como medidas preventivas contra a doença.

A pulverização de fungicidas à base de cobre foi considerada eficaz no controle do cancro bacteriano.

DOENÇAS DA FRUTA / DOENÇAS PÓS-COLHEITA

Antracnose

A doença é mais comum em frutos jovens e durante o trânsito e armazenamento. A infecção latente durante a fase de pré-colheita é responsável pela podridão pós-colheita. No armazenamento, manchas pretas são produzidas. Inicialmente as manchas são arredondadas, mas depois formam grandes manchas irregulares em todos os frutos, as manchas apresentam grandes fissuras profundas e o fungo penetra profundamente na fruta causando extenso apodrecimento.

Ao controle:-

As infecções pré-colheita podem ser tratadas pulverizando fungicidas à base de cobre após o término de chuvas intensas.

As infecções pós-colheita podem ser tratadas como pulverizações pré-colheita no campo para reduzir a infecção latente e tratamento da fruta com água quente / fungicidas após a colheita para erradicar a infecção latente que sobrou.

Podridão da extremidade do caule

O fruto, durante o amadurecimento, torna-se repentinamente marrom a preto, tipicamente no final do caule. Dentro de dois três dias, a fruta inteira torna-se preta e a doença progride para baixo, envolvendo assim metade da área dos frutos. Embora o rubor de toda a fruta, muitas vezes, também sejam observadas rugas. A pele afetada permanece firme, mas a decomposição se instala na polpa abaixo e emite um odor desagradável.

Ao controle:-

DECLINAR TRANSTORNOS

Declínio é um termo geral e a manga é afetada por diferentes distúrbios do declínio, geralmente associados a estresses bióticos e abióticos.

Os distúrbios importantes do declínio da manga são descritos abaixo:

Morrer de volta

A doença é perceptível ao longo do ano, mas é mais evidente durante outubro e novembro. É caracterizada pelo ressecamento dos ramos de cima para baixo, especialmente nas árvores mais velhas, seguido pelo ressecamento das folhas, o que dá uma aparência de queimadura. As folhas superiores perdem a cor e secam gradualmente. A secagem de toda a folha é acompanhada pelo enrolamento da margem para cima. Essas folhas murcham, caem dentro de um mês, deixando todos os ramos enrugados expostos, que é o sintoma característico do estágio avançado da doença.

Seca, dor forte, Temperatura alta, árvores fracas, queimadura do sol, alta umidade, deficiência nutricional e danos físicos.

Ao controle:-

Praga dos galhos

A doença produz áreas necróticas pretas alongadas nos galhos. As folhas caem lentamente durante a subida e, por fim, caem. Os ramos muito jovens começam a secar da ponta para baixo. Lesões, Ataque de inseto, planta fraca de alta temperatura, estresse hídrico, geada e danos físicos.

Ao controle:-

Os galhos doentes que estão no chão do pomar devem ser coletados e todos os galhos infectados da árvore devem ser podados e queimados.

As pulverizações foliares de fungicidas à base de cobre refletem um bom controle.

Goma

Cerca de 30-40% das mangueiras jovens são afetadas pela gomose, especialmente quando a mangueira é plantada em solo arenoso, mas sua prevalência também foi observada em outros solos de cultivo de manga. A doença é caracterizada pela presença de exsudação abundante de goma na superfície da madeira afetada, casca do tronco e também em galhos maiores, mas mais comum em galhos de fissura. Em casos graves, gotas de goma gotejam no caule e a casca torna-se marrom-escura com rachaduras longitudinais.

Ao controle:-

Cascas estalando

A fissuração da casca é caracterizada pelo desenvolvimento de fissuras longitudinais profundas. O enraizamento não está associado às rachaduras, mas a madeira subjacente apresenta-se severamente furada. Bolsos de gengiva também são notados junto com as rachaduras. Mais tarde, a casca é seca e arrancada, resultando em efeitos de anelamento, amarelecimento e queda das folhas seguido pela morte dos ramos.

Ao controle:-

Podridão de raiz

A infecção ocorre em / ou abaixo do nível do solo, em manchas circulares a irregulares com meias d'água. Essas manchas aumentam e, por fim, envolvem toda a base do caule. Por causa do apodrecimento, os tecidos doentes ficam moles, marrom escuro ou preto.

Ao controle:-

Tratamento do solo com Tiofanato Metílico, carbendazim ou oxicloreto de cobre @ 2g / ft2 é recomendado.

Durante o período de crescimento, qualquer fungicida à base de cobre deve ser pulverizado nas plantas.

Síndrome de Morte Súbita de Manga

Mango sudden death syndrome (MSDS) has become an important disease in Pakistan since 1997 which is closely associated with infections by Ceratocystis fimbriata possibly in concert with Botryosphaericaceous fungi like Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Improper irrigation and root injuries have been found as major predisposing factors for this disease. Affected mango trees have wilting symptoms. Cankers may develop over areas of vascular discoloration and the cankers my exude gum from the stem. Wilted leaves typically become dry and curled rather suddenly but remain attached to the tree for several weeks. It is a serious disease and aggravating day by day by which apparently healthy looking mango plants die within days and it is destroying the Precious wealth of Pakistan. Up till now 4-12% mortality rate has been observed in different mango growing areas of Pakistan.

Control :-

Early detection is very important for the proper management of this disease. For this purpose scientists have divided this syndrome into five categories (0-5 stages) with collective wisdom. The detailed pictorial presentation of each stage has been developed for the guideline of mango growers under ASLP project. However some important points are being discussed over here.

Uproot the plants showing 3, 4 &5 stages immediately and treat the soil with fungicide. Soil solarization of this area is also recommended.

Treat the plants falling in 1 &2 stages with the following way:

Insect Pests in Mango:

Hopper

Symptoms:

The wedges shaped Nymphs and adult insects puncture and suck sap of tender parts, reducing vigour of plants and particularly destroying the inflorescence and causing fruit drop. Heavy puncturing and continuous draining of sap causes curling and drying of infested tissue. They also damage the crop by excreting a sweet sticky substance facilitates the development of sooty mould .

Mealy bug

Symptoms:

The adult bugs are covered with whitish powder and colonize between bark of tree trunk, young shoots and panicles. The nymphs’ ascent the trees and settle on inflorescence causing flower drop, affecting fruit set. They also excrete honey dew, a sticky substance, which facilitates development of sooty mould).

Gestão

Inflorescence / leaf/ twig midge

Symptoms:The larvae tunnel the axis of inflorescence and destroy it completely. Damage by E. indica causes bending and drying of the inflorescences. Second attacks starts at fruit setting as young maggots bore into these tender fruits which slowly turn yellow and finally drop. Third attack is on tender ‘new leaves encircling inflorescence. The most damaging one is first attack in which the entire inflorescence is destroyed. The inflorescence shows stunted growth and its axis bends, at the entrance point of larva (Fig 7 &8).

Midge Management

Fruit flies

Symptoms:The female punctures outer wall of mature fruits with the help of its pointed ovipositor and insert eggs in small clusters inside mesocarp of mature fruits. On hatching, the maggots feed on fruit pulp and the infested fruits start rotting due to further secondary infection .

Gestão

Leaf webber

Symptoms:Initially caterpillars feed on leaf surface gregariously by scrapping/Later they make web of tender shoots and leaves together and feed within. Several caterpillars may be found in a single webbed up cluster of leaves.

Gestão

Shoot gall psylla

Symptoms:Nymphs emerge during August September and suck cell sap from adjacent buds. As a result of feeding, buds develop into hard conical green galls.The galls are usually seen during September-October. Consequently there is no flowering and fruit setting. Nymphs pass winter inside the galls.

Gestão

Stem-borer

Symptoms:The damage is caused by grubs either to roots or stems. The grubs after hatching from eggs first feed on bark and make irregular cavities. It makes tunnels which may either be in boring upward, resulting in drying of branches

Gestão

Shoot-borer

Symptoms:Larvae bore into young tender leaves during August and freshly hatched caterpillar bore into mid rib. After a couple of days, they bore into tender shoots near the growing point tunneling downward, throwing their excreta resulting in dropping of leaves and wilting of terminal shoots.

Gestão

Bark-eating caterpillar

Symptoms:The caterpillar spins brown zig-zag ribbon-like silken web on tree which consists of their excreta and wood particles. Larvae also make shelter tunnels inside where they rest.

Gestão

Scale

Symptoms:The nymphs and adult scale suck the sap of leaves and other tender parts reducing vigor of plants. They also excrete honeydew which helps in the development of sooty mould on leaves and other tender parts.

Gestão

Thrips:

Symptoms:Nymphs and adults lacerate the tissues and suck the oozing cell sap. C. indicus and R. cruentatus feed on leaves and S. dorsalis on in florescence, and young fruits.Leaf feeding species feed on mesophyll near leaf tips.Affected leaves show silvery sheen and bear small spots of faecal matter.

Gestão

If the infestation is severe, can be controlled by either dimethoate (0.1.5%) or Monocrotophos (0.1%)

Tea Mosquito bug:

Symptoms:Major pest of cashew, occasionally damages mango and other fruit crops. Adult is a reddish brown bug with black head, red thorax, and black and white abdomen. Eggs are inserted into epidermis of tender shoots and axis of inflorescence. Adult and nymphs feed on petioles, tender shoots and leaf veins causing necrotic lesions.

Gestão

Spray Dimethoate (0.05) or quinalphos (25 EC) 2 ml/ liter.

Fruit borer:

Symptoms:A major pest in Orissa, West Bengal and Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Pest is active from January to May Adults lay eggs on fruits. After hatching larvae bore into fruits. Fully grown caterpillars (25 mm) have red bands on body alternating with white bands caterpillars bore into the fruit at the bottom (beak region) and feed inside reaching Kernels. Entrance hole is plugged with excreta. Affected fruits rot and fall prematurely.

Gestão

Leaf miner:

Symptoms:Tiny caterpillars mine under the dorsal epidemics of tender leaves and feed within as a result grayish white blisters appear on leaves.

Gestão

Red tree ant

Symptoms:The ants web and stitch together a few leaves, usually at the top of the branches and build their nests. The ants are carnivorous and prey upon small insects. Contudo, indirect damage is caused by protecting insects like aphids and scales, which excrete honey dew.

Gestão

Inflorescence caterpillars

Symptoms:The caterpillars attack inflorescence and if not controlled cause heavy loss through reduced fruit bearing.

Gestão

For efficient management spray Monocrotophos or Dimethoate1ml/l at early panicle emergence.

Termites

Symptoms:Termites are white in colour, shy to light and remain underground. They feed on root or move upward making the tunnels. They construct mud galleries on tree trunk and under the protection of these galleries; they feed on the bark of the trunks.

Gestão

Remove the mud galleries on trunk and swab or spray the trunk with Malathion (1.5 ml/l).

After two month, drench the soil at the base of the tree with chlorpyriphos 1.5 ml/l.

DISEASES

Oídio

Symptoms:Pathogen attacks the inflorescence, sai, stalk of inflorescence and young fruits with white superficial powdery growth of fungus resulting in its shedding. The sepals are relatively more susceptible than petals. The affected flowers fail to open and may fall prematurely (Fig 28). Dropping of unfertilized infected flowers leads to serious crop loss. Initially young fruits are covered entirely by the mildew. When fruit grows further, epidermis of the infected fruits cracks and corky tissues are formed. Fruits may remain on the tree until they reach up to marble size and then they drop prematurely.

Necrotic lesions on shoulder

Mildew on Lower Surface of and dropping from stalk end Leaf

Infection is noticed on young leaves, when their colour changes from brown to light green. Young leaves are attacked on both the sides but it is more conspicuous on the grower surface. Often these patches coalesce and occupy larger areas turning into purplish brown in colour. The pathogen is restricted to the area of the central and lateral veins of the infected leaf and often twists, curl and get distorted.

Reason for severity

Mode of Spread

Gestão

Antracnose

Symptoms:The pathogen causes leaf spot/leaf blight, wither tip, blossom blight and fruit rots. On leaves characteristic symptoms appear as oval or irregular vinaceous brown to deep brown spots of various sizes scattered all over the leaf surface. Later lesions get blighted and rupture and show, shot hole symptom

Blossom blight phase

Typical Anthracnose on cultivar

Young leaves are more prone to attack, than older ones. Petiole, when affected, turns grey or black. Disease also produces elongated black necrotic areas on twigs. The tips of young branches start drying from tip downwards. On blossom small black spots appear on panicles and open flowers, which gradually enlarge and coalesce to cause death of flowers. The infected flowers fall-off, leaving more persistent spikes on peduncles.On fruits, it is more common during transit and storage

Reason for severity

Mode of Spread:

Gestão

Die back

Symptoms:The pathogen causing dieback, tip dieback, graft union blight, twig blight, seedling rot, wood stain, stem-end rot, black root rot, fruit rot, dry rot, brown rot of panicle etc. The disease is most conspicuous during October November. It is characterized by drying back of twigs from top downwards, particularly in older trees followed by drying of leaves which gives an appearance of fire scorch (Fig.36 &Fig. 38). Internal browning in wood tissue is observed when it is slit open along with the long axis. Cracks appear on branches and gum exudes before they die out. When graft union of nursery plant is affected, it usually dies.

Mode of spread

Reason for Severity

Spread of disease

Gestão

Sooty Mould

Symptoms:It is very common wherever honey dew secreting insects, viz. mango hopper, escalas, coccids and mealy bugs are found. Black velvety thin membranous covering on leaves, stems and fruits are its symptoms. In severe cases, trees appear black and look ugly.

Mode of Spread:

Reason for high severity

Gestão

Phoma blight

Symptoms:The disease is noticed on matured / old leaves only. Fully developed spots are characterized by dark margin and dull grey necrotic centre. In severe cases, spots coalesce to form patches, which result in withering and defoliation of infected leaves .

Gestão

Bacterial canker disease

Symptoms:The disease is noticed on leaves, leaf stalks, caules, galhos, branches and fruits, initially producing water soaked lesions, later turning into typical canker. On leaves, water soaked irregular satellite to angular raised lesions measuring 1-4 mm in diameter are formed. These lesions are light yellow in colour, initially with yellow halo but with age enlarge or coalesce to form irregular necrotic cankerous patches with dark brown colour.

Infection on Leaf Stalks

On fruits, water-soaked, dark brown to black coloured lesions are observed which gradually developed into cankerous, raised or flat spots. These spots grow bigger usually up to 1 to 5 mm in diameter, which covers / almost the whole fruit. These spots often, burst extruding gummy substances containing highly contagious bacterial cells.

Mode of spread:

Reason for high severity:

Gestão

Malformation

Symptoms:Vegetative malformation is pronounced in young seedlings. The affected seedlings develop vegetative growths which are abnormal growth, swollen and have very short internodes.

Floral malformation:The flower buds are transformed into vegetative buds and a large number of small leaves and stems, which are characterized by appreciably reduced internodes and give an appearance of witches broom. The flower buds seldom open and remain dull green.

Gestão

Gummosis

Symptoms:The disease is characterized by the presence of profuse oozing of gum on the surface of the affected wood, bark of the trunk and also on larger braches but more common on the cracked branches. In severe cases, droplets of gum trickle down on stem, bark turn dark brown with longitudinal cracks, rots completely and the tree dries up because of cracking, rotting and girdling effects.

Gestão

Scab

Symptoms:The scab fungus attack leaves, panicles, blossoms, galhos, bark of stems and mango fruits. Spots are circular, slightly angular, elongated, 2-4 mm in diameter, brown but during rainy season, lesions differ in size, shape and colour. Symptoms produced by the disease are very much like those of anthracnose. On young fruits, the infection is grey to grayish brown with dark irregular margins. As the fruit attains in size, spots also enlarge and the centre may become covered with the crack fissure and corky tissues.

Gestão

Black Banded

Symptoms:The disease is noticed on the midribs/ veins of the leaves, twigs and branches as black velvety raise fungal out growth in the form of spots which gradually increase insize encircle the trunk limbs branches and twigs. The incidence of disease is very low on the main branches. The disease occasionally spread on the leaves and cause loss. It presents a characteristic and conspicuous black banded appearance and thus considered appropriate to name it as Black banded diseases.

Gestão

Symptoms:The leaves of affected tree area lusterless and sparse. Diseased tree wilts and dies. Infected roots are very light in weight and get easily crumbled and powdered with fingers. The fruiting bodies of the fungus (brackets) appear at the base of the tree in rainy season.

Root Rot Damping off

Symptoms:The disease is characterized by sudden dropping of leaves after the emergence of seedlings from the soil. During prolonged rainy and humid weather, infection occurs at / or below the ground level with circular to irregular water soaked patches. These patches enlarge and ultimately girdle the entire base of the seedlings.

Gestão

Red rust

Symptoms:The disease is readily recognized by the presence of the rusty red fructification of the alga on the surface of the leaves, veins, petiole and young twigs and fruit. Initially the spots are greenish grey in colour and velvety in texture which finally turn into reddish brown in colour.

Gestão

Lichens

Symptoms:Lichens are found on full grown trees of mango, mainly on trunks, branches and twigs in the areas of high humidity, heavy rainfall and poorly managed orchards. It is seen in the form of whitish, pinkish, superficial patches of different shapes on the main trunk, branches, leaves and twigs of the trees.

Gestão

POST HARVEST DISEASE

Antracnose

Sintomas

The post harvest infection starts form the field as latent infection. On stored fruits, black spots are produced. Initially the spots are round but later coalesce to form large irregular blotches. As vezes, it covers the entire fruits surface. The spots have large deep cracks in which fungus penetrates deep into the fruit, causing extensive rotting. Under moist conditions, the blackened areas become covered with minute pinkish reproductive bodies of the fungus. Staining, russetting and tear streaking, involving only the skin of the fruit, are attributed to the same fungus .

Gestão

Stem end Rot Symptoms

The disease starts on fruit at the base of the pedicel. A circular brown area develops near the stem end, which gradually starts developing as dark brown to black area towards the lower portion of the fruit and later even cover the entire fruit surface. The rotting is so fast that the entire fruit rots within 2-3 days. The disease may start on fruit from some point other than the stem end, when fruit get bruises. The disease is observed on ripe fruits only.

Gestão

Black Rot

Sintomas

Affected fruits show characteristic yellowing with irregular dull grayish spots, which develop into the black necrotic area with growth of black mould. Tissue below and around the spots disintegrate and emit foul dour. The fruits rot very fast. The rotting may; start from any point but injury is essential for the start of rot. It may also start form the stem end as there remains natural opening.

Gestão

USEFUL TIPS FOR MINIMIZING POST HARVEST DISEASES

Reason:Many post harvest diseases begin while the crop is still in the field. Some harvested fruits carry latent infection that may not be detected at harvest level.

Reason:Bruises, wounds and other mechanical injuries serve as portal of entry for microorganisms.

Reason:These may carry the microorganisms from the field.

Reason:Free moisture on the fruits surface enhances the growth of spores.

Reason:Diseased commodities may contaminate healthy fruit when they come in contact with diseased ones.

Reason:Disease-causing microorganisms do not grow at low temperatures. Growth will resume upon transfer of commodity to room temperature.

Reason:Moist conditions favour the growth and multiplication of disease- causing microorganisms.

Reason:Dirty and unsanitary containers and areas may serve as sources of infection.

Black Tip

Symptoms:Symptoms become visible when the mango fruits attain some size. Small etiolated area develops near the distal end of the fruit which gradually spreads, turns nearly black and covers the tip of the fruit completely. The black area remains hard and the growth of the fruit is checked.

Black Tip on cultivar Dushehri Reason for high severity:

Mode of Spread

Through toxic gas viz. Sulphurdioxide, ethylene, carbonmonooxide and fluoride emitting from brick klins operating nearby orchard.

Gestão

Internal Necrosis (Boron deficiency)

Symptoms:First, water soaked grayish spots develop on the lower side of the fruit. Late, the spots enlarge and develop into dark brown necrotic area. The internal tissue starts disintegrating. The pericarp and mesocarp is disintegrated exposing the flesh.

Yellow coloured droplets also come out and such affected fruits drop easily.

Internal Necrosis on hanging fruits and close up Management

Fruit Clustering

Symptoms:This abnormality is characterized by formation of several fruit lets at the tip of panicle. The fruitlets are darker green in colour and their shape is slightly curved than the normal fruits. These fruits generally hang for more time compared to some normal fruits, which subsequently drop due to other fruit drop reasons. However these fruitless do not grow more and later drop. The fruits do not have formation of seeds.

Gestão

Woody Stem gall

Symptoms:Woody galls of 10-15 inches diameter are formed on limbs and branches. The galls are abundant on CVS. Chinnasuvarnarekha, Langra and moderate in Neelam.

Gestão

Red nose / soft nose (Cause not known)

Symptoms:The malady is severe in late maturing Neelam and Mallika varieties particularly in delayed harvest leading to substantial loss. The fruits with red nose are unfit for export. Numerous red nosed fruits are seen on tree during fag end of summer with onset of showers. Red nose gradually becomes soft and rot.

Gestão

Fruit tumors

Symptoms:Tumors of pea to marble size develop on fruit and are very ugly to look at. The stylar end part is much affected while stem end is practically free from tumors

Fruit showing tumors Management

Softening of tissue

The problem of jelly seed have been recorded in several mango varieties. Contudo, Dashehari cultivar of mango is found more susceptible to this disorder as compared to other cultivars like Chausa and Langra. In this disorder, the pulp near the stone becomes jelly like with tissue disintegration while the outer pulp near the peel is normal. The taste of fruit becomes repulsive and loose table quality. From the outer appearance fruits look normal. It incidence is more in Lucknow region particularly in late harvested fruits (Fig. 74).

Most of the prone orchards of this disorder have been found with imbalance of nutrients. Among the nutrients, P and Zn deficiency were more prevalent. Slow movement of nutrients particularly Ca++ to the fruits from soil and leaf through transpiration stream in Dashehari at maturity was found to be one of the reasons for this disorder.

Gestão

Spongy tissue

Alphonso mango, which is the main export cultivar, suffers from a serious malady known as spongy tissue or internal breakdown in the ripe fruits. This disorder renders the fruit unfit for consumption and hence, it has become a bottleneck in export and expansion of its cultivation in the State of Maharashtra and Gujarat where it is grown commercially. There are many biochemical changes associate with spongy tissue; Contudo, no conclusive results have been obtained to control this malady. Convicting heat arising from soil and intense solar radiation are reported to be the main cause for this disorder.

Gestão

NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS

Potassium deficiency

Symptoms:Scorching of leaf margins is the characteristic symptom of potassium deficiency. Scorching starts from tip downwards. Fruit quality is reduced. Trees with potassium deficiency are easily prone to pest and disease attack.

Scorched Leaf Margin

Gestão

Zinc deficiency

Symptoms:The leaves become small and narrow with leaf margins bent upward or downward. Inter nodal length is reduced drastically and the twig with crowded leaves gives rosette appearance. Pale inferential areas and green veins are typical of zinc deficient leaves. The tree with zinc hunger does not grow well and the yield, size and quality of the fruit are reduced. Small plants with severe zinc deficiency may die. Zinc deficiency is conspicuously seen in alkaline, saline and sandy soils.

Deficiency Symptoms of Zinc

Gestão

Iron deficiency

Symptoms:The leaves loose green colour and turn white and is called Bleaching. The size of the leaf is reduced. In severe cases of iron deficiency, the leaves dry from tip downwards. The deficiency is common in soils with high calcium content. Portanto, the effect is known as calcium induced iron chlorosis.

Gestão

Boron deficiency

Symptoms:Cracking of fruit is the characteristic symptom of boron deficiency. Lusterless leathery leaves with thickened veins are the other associated symptoms. Brown areas in yellow fruit pulp are conspicuous.

Gestão

Salt injury / Toxicity

Symptoms:The leaves are scorched due to excess salt in soil or irrigation water. The leaves lose their natural colour and turn to bronze colour. Tip burning is also seen in severe cases of salt injury.

Management:

Copper deficiency

Symptoms:Copper deficiency symptoms frequently develop on young trees which generally occur due to heavy nitrogenous fertilization. It may also be accompanied by Zinc deficiency symptoms. The appearance of weak terminal shoots followed by defoliation and die back of branches, on the top of long drooping or shaped branches of the proceeding cycle of growth usually makes evident that copper is needed

Gestão

PEST MONITORING

Survey:To monitor the initial development of pest and disease in the endemic areas survey is prerequisite. Portanto, for field scouting farmers should be mobilized to observe the pest and disease occurrence at the intervals as stipulated under different development stages. The plant protection measures are required to be taken only when bio control potential does not show promise and pest and disease incidences shows increasing trend.

Field Scouting:Field scouting for pests/disease and bio control fauna/flora by extension agencies and farmers once in a fortnight should be undertaken to assess increasing/decreasing trend in the pest/disease incidence and availability of bio control potential. This should be done soon after the appearance of new flush after the fall of old leaves as such stage of the crop having succulent tissues in valuable to attack by pests and diseases. The state Departments of Horticulture should make all possible efforts by using different media, mode and publicity to inform the farmers for field scouting in the specific crop area having indication of pest and disease build up.

Pest Monitoring through Traps:

IPM STRATEGIES

Cultural Practices

Mechanical Control

Biological Control

A large number of parasites, predator and pathogens are very active against pests of mango in the fields. Estes são Rodolia fumida, Suminus renardi, Coccinellids, Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium lacani, Mallada boninensis, Chrysopa spp., Tertrastichus spp., Trichoderma spp., Gonatocerus spp, Podynema spp., Platygaster sp, Eupulmus sp., Systasis dasynearue, Micronimus timidis, Baccha pulchrifrons, etc . which pay a significant role in population suppression of various insect pests and diseases. These should be conserved in the field.

Chemical Control

Chemical pesticides recommended for control of diseases and pests are given in the text.

SOME USEFUL TIPS IN PEST MANGEMENT


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